A prism is an optical element composed of two or more parallel planes, typically used to divide light into different colors or directions. The working principle of a prism is based on the refraction and reflection of light.
When light passes through a prism, it encounters various planes of the prism and undergoes refraction and reflection. Each plane changes the direction of light propagation, resulting in the separation and recombination of light. This process is called dispersion.
The angle and material between the various planes of a prism can affect the refraction and reflection of light. Different angles can lead to different refractive angles, thereby affecting the degree of separation of light rays. Materials also affect the refractive index and reflectivity of light, thereby affecting the final dispersion effect.
Prisms are usually used to decompose white light into different colors, because at different angles, each color (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple) has a different refractive index, causing them to be separated into different light rays. This phenomenon is called dispersion effect.
In addition to dispersion effects, prisms can also be used for other applications, such as dividing light into different directions. In optical systems, prisms can be used to change the direction of light propagation and achieve specific functions. For example, beam splitters, steering gears, etc. all use prisms to achieve specific functions.